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<title>Baskerville effect</title>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">
<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baskerville effect</span></span>
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<p>The <b>Baskerville effect</b>, or the <b>Hound of the Baskervilles effect</b>, is the alleged <a href="Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">self-fulfilling prophecy</a> that there is an increase in rate of mortality through <a href="Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a> on days considered unlucky because of the psychological stress this causes on superstitious people. The term derives from the <a href="Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> <a href="Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <i><a href="The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles" title="The Hound of the Baskervilles">The Hound of the Baskervilles</a></i> in which a hellish-looking dog chases Sir Charles Baskerville, sufferer of a chronic heart disease. According to legend, the dog cursed his family, Baskerville runs in great fear and dies of a heart attack "with an expression of horror in his face".
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2></div>
<p>The Baskerville effect was named by David Phillips and his colleagues at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, on a paper where they reported that the daily number of deaths of <a href="Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> and <a href="Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a> from heart attacks between 1973 and 1998 was 7 percent higher on the fourth of the month compared to the average for the other days in that month, while this was not observed in the general American population.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Four (四, formal writing: 肆, <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> si4) is considered an <a href="Unlucky_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlucky number">unlucky number</a> in <a href="Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a>, and hence in the <a href="Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese</a> and <a href="Korean_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean culture">Korean</a>, because it sounds like "death" (死 <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> si3). Some Chinese and Japanese <a href="Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a> and hospitals do not use it as a room number (the way that American architects don't use 13 as a floor number in office or hotel buildings). The authors, seeing how telephone line subscribers could choose the last four digits in their telephone numbers, found evidence that <a href="Tetraphobia" title="Tetraphobia">the number 4 is avoided</a> among Chinese and Japanese Americans by searching the California Yellow Pages for telephone numbers of Chinese and Japanese restaurants, and finding that these had significantly fewer numbers 4 in this last section (366 out of 4748, or 7.71 percent) than it would be expected by chance (10 percent), a pattern not observed on restaurants listed as American.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the 20,000 computerized death certificates of Asian-Americans in San Diego, Phillips discovered that there was a 13 percent uptick in death rates on the fourth of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis was that the peak was caused by stress induced by the <a href="Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> surrounding this number.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism,_attempted_replication_and_refutation">Criticism, attempted replication and refutation</h2></div>
<p>In 2002, <a href="Gary_Smith_(economist)" title="Gary Smith (economist)">Gary Smith</a> commented that Phillips and colleagues had omitted data from several heart disease categories, picking only those that happened to have a higher rate on the fourth day, calling them "chronic heart diseases". Smith also pointed out that they had not done this on their previous studies of Jewish deaths near <a href="Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and Chinese deaths near the <a href="Harvest_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest moon">Harvest Moon</a>, where they had used all heart disease categories.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Smith also found no statistically relevant peaks on day 4 in data from 1969–1988 and 1999–2001 for total coronary deaths, inpatients, or the subset of heart diseases used by Phillips and colleagues, adding that there were more deaths on day 5 in the 1969–1988 data, and more deaths on day 3 in the 1999–2001 data.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2003, Nirmal Panesar and colleagues looked for this effect on the Chinese population of <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. They looked at mortality data from 1995 to 2000, comparing the days of the month with "deathly connotations" (4, 14 and 24) with the other days of the month on both the <a href="Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> and <a href="Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> calendars, and found no statistically significant difference.<sup id="cite_ref-panesar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panesar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2018, <a href="Jonathan_Jarry" title="Jonathan Jarry">Jonathan Jarry</a> analysed this phenomenon, citing both Smith's and Panesar et al's papers, pointing out that, if the effect was real, a bigger effect would be seen in Asia, while the opposite occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-jarry_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jarry states that the peak observed on the original study appears because of what the researchers decided to compare it to, and quotes cardiologist Christopher Labos as concluding that "while the number of deaths on day 4 may be higher than average, it is not actually statistically higher than any individual day."
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-phillips-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phillips_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2001" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, David P (22 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61045">"The Hound of the Baskervilles effect: natural experiment on the influence of psychological stress on timing of death"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>323</b> (7327): <span class="nowrap">1443–</span>1446. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1443">10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1443</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61045">61045</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751347">11751347</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2011" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, John (2011-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSYhAgAAQBAJ&dq=baskerville+effect+David+Phillips&pg=PT257"><i>Curiosities of Literature: A Feast for Book Lovers</i></a>. Skyhorse. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781626365971</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsonZhangJarvinenKwok2001" class="citation journal cs1">Abramson, Ian S.; Zhang, Wei; Jarvinen, Jason R.; Kwok, Kennon; Liu, George C.; Phillips, David P. (2001-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61045">"The Hound of the Baskervilles effect: natural experiment on the influence of psychological stress on timing of death"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>323</b> (7327): <span class="nowrap">1443–</span>1446. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1443">10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1443</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-5833">1468-5833</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61045">61045</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751347">11751347</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-smith-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Gary (21 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139029">"Scared to Death?"</a>. <i>BMJ: British Medical Journal</i>. <b>325</b> (7378): <span class="nowrap">1442–</span>1443. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.325.7378.1442">10.1136/bmj.325.7378.1442</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139029">139029</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12493656">12493656</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-panesar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-panesar_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPanesar,_NSChan,_NCLi_SNLo,_JK2003" class="citation journal cs1">Panesar, NS; Chan, NC; Li SN; Lo, JK; Wong, VW; Yang, IB; Yip EK (December 2003). "Is four a deadly number for the Chinese?". <i>Med J Aust</i>. <b>179</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">656–</span>658. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2003.tb05741.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05741.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14636150">14636150</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5844996">5844996</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-jarry-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jarry_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJarry" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Jonathan_Jarry" title="Jonathan Jarry">Jarry, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/node/6859">"The Number Four Kills Again... Or Does It?"</a>. <i>McGill Office for Science and Society</i>. McGill<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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</style><div id="Pseudoscience225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li>
<li><a href="Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li>
<li><a href="Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li>
<li><a href="Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li>
<li><a href="Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li>
<li><a href="Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li>
<li><a href="Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li>
<li><a href="Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li>
<li><a href="Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li>
<li><a href="True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br>characterized as <br>pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li>
<li><a href="Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li>
<li><a href="Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li>
<li><a href="Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li>
<li><a href="Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li>
<li><a href="Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li>
<li><a href="Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li>
<li><a href="Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li>
<li><a href="Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li>
<li><a href="Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li>
<li><a href="Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li>
<li><a href="Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li>
<li><a href="Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li>
<li><a href="Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li>
<li><a href="Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li>
<li><a href="Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a>
<ul><li><a href="Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li>
<li><a href="Doktor_Koster's_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li>
<li><a href="Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li>
<li><a href="Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li>
<li><a href="Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li>
<li><a href="FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li>
<li><a href="Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li>
<li><a href="HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li>
<li><a href="Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li>
<li><a href="Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="LGBTQ_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory">LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li>
<li><a href="Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li>
<li><a href="Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li>
<li><a href="Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li>
<li><a href="Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li>
<li><a href="Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li>
<li><a href="Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li>
<li><a href="Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li>
<li><a href="Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a>
<ul><li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li>
<li><a href="Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li>
<li><a href="Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li>
<li><a href="Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li>
<li><a href="Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li>
<li><a href="Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a>
<ul><li><a href="5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li>
<li><a href="9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li>
<li><a href="Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li>
<li><a href="COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li>
<li><a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li>
<li><a href="Opposition_to_water_fluoridation" title="Opposition to water fluoridation">Opposition to water fluoridation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="Expanding_Earth" title="Expanding Earth">Expanding Earth Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li>
<li><a href="Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li>
<li><a href="Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li>
<li><a href="Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li>
<li><a href="Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li>
<li><a href="Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li>
<li><a href="Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li>
<li><a href="Tartarian_Empire" title="Tartarian Empire">Tartarian Empire</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li>
<li><a href="Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li>
<li><a href="Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li>
<li><a href="Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a></li>
<li><a href="Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a>
<ul><li><a href="Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li>
<li><a href="EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation</a></li>
<li><a href="Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li>
<li><a href="Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li>
<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li>
<li><a href="Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li>
<li><a href="Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li>
<li><a href="Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li>
<li><a href="Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>
<ul><li><a href="Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li>
<li><a href="Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li>
<li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li>
<li><a href="Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li>
<li><a href="Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Modern flat Earth beliefs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li>
<li><a href="Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>
<li><a href="Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li>
<li><a href="Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li>
<li><a href="Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li>
<li><a href="Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li>
<li><a href="Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li>
<li><a href="Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li>
<li><a href="Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li>
<li><a href="Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li>
<li><a href="Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li>
<li><a href="Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br>pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li>
<li><a href="Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li>
<li><a href="Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li>
<li><a href="Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li>
<li><a href="Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li>
<li><a href="Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li>
<li><a href="Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li>
<li><a href="Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li>
<li><a href="Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a></li>
<li><a href="Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li>
<li><a href="Gaia%2C_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li>
<li><a href="Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li>
<li><a href="Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li>
<li><a href="Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li>
<li><a href="David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li>
<li><a href="William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li>
<li><a href="Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li>
<li><a href="Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li>
<li><a href="Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li>
<li><a href="Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li>
<li><a href="Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li>
<li><a href="Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li>
<li><a href="Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li>
<li><a href="Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li>
<li><a href="Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li>
<li><a href="Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li>
<li><a href="Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li>
<li><a href="Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li>
<li><a href="Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li>
<li><a href="Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims%2C_Frauds%2C_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li>
<li><a href="James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Skeptic's_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul>
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